Injecting cathinone use has been associated with a high frequency of injection for several of the substances, with European injectors of synthetic cathinones reporting a number of injection-related and other complications. These include an intense burning sensation at the injection site, with repetitive injection resulting in skin erosion, localised infections, blisters, spots, abscesses, gangrenous tissue, blood clots, permanent numbness and spasms. In addition, some problems associated with synthetic cathinone injection and the spread of infectious diseases have been highlighted.
In Hungary, possible increases in HCV infection were observed in synthetic cathinone injectors and associated with high frequency of injection for some cathinones In Romania the high frequency of injecting these drugs 6—8 times per day according to local studies , coupled with a reduction in the availability of sterile injecting equipment, are cited as factors playing a role in recent HIV outbreaks Botescu et al.
In addition to injection-related risks, cathinones use has also been associated with risky sexual practices Van Hout and Brennan, a; Stuart, ; Spire et al. Compulsive use and dependence symptoms have been reported by synthetic cathinone users.
These include strong cravings, relatively rapid development of tolerance and prolonged binges, sometimes lasting for many days. The compulsive nature of use might stem from the fact that the effects of several of these drugs are in general short-lived, with a maximum of 2—4 hours at oral administration Corkery et al. A study of psychiatric inpatient facilities in Germany Livak et al. Psychotic states following mephedrone use often persisted for several days despite the administration of neuroleptic medication.
Most of these cases were polydrug users who had often used injection as a route of administration for cathinones. Home Publications Perspectives on drugs. Injection of synthetic cathinones. On this page Intro 1. Analysis 2. Interactive 3. Facts and figures 4. Health consequences Find out more.
Analysis: injection of synthetic cathinones Against a backdrop of an overall decline in the injecting of illicit drugs in Europe, recent reports of the injection of new psychoactive substances NPS , in particular synthetic cathinones, have emerged as a worrying new trend.
Analysis of seized injecting equipment needle, syringe, filter, spoon in Hungary 3. More limited or localised reports of synthetic cathinones injection More localised outbreaks of cathinones injection have been identified in several countries, typically involving high-risk drug users in contact with low-threshold facilities, psychiatric facilities, and drug treatment centres.
Conclusions This analysis has documented emerging evidence of new patterns of synthetic cathinone injection amongst subpopulations of drug users in Europe. Daly, M. Van Hout, M. Chadd, A. Tammi, T. Czech national focal point, personal communication, Lindeman, E.
Bourne, A. Spire, B. Stuart, D. Batisse, A. Lahaie, E. Interactive: demystifying the chemistry Loading interactive feature… please wait. Synthetic cathinone Metamfepramone Metamfepramone is a drug related to cathinone and methcathinone. Synthetic cathinone Mephedrone Mephedrone is a synthetic ring-substituted cathinone closely related to the phenethylamine family, differing only by a keto functional group at the beta carbon. Synthetic cathinone Buphedrone Buphedrone is a structural isomer of mephedrone.
It was first synthesized in by Hyde et al. Synthetic cathinone xxx No additional information on this synthetic cathinone is currently available.
Synthetic cathinone 4-methylbuphedrone, N-benzyl derivative This substance is a synthetic cathinone derivative, and is the N-benzyl derivative of the known substance 4-methyl-buphedrone aka 4-Me-MABP.
Synthetic cathinone 4-Methyl-N-ethylnorpentedrone This substance is structurally related to pentedrone 2-methylaminophenylpentanone by being substituted in the ring with a methyl group at the para-position as well as being N-ethylated, rather than N-methylated.
Synthetic cathinone bk-PBDB This substance is a ring-substituted synthetic cathinone derivative, which is the N-propyl homologue of butylone. Synthetic cathinone Eutylone Eutylone is a substituted cathinone which is a higher homologue of butylone and ethylone.
Synthetic cathinone 4-fluoro-N-isopropylnorpentedrone 4-fluoro-N-isopropylnorpentedrone is a synthetic ring-substituted cathinone derivative. Synthetic cathinone 3-methoxymethcathinone 3-methoxymethcathinone is a synthetic ring-substituted derivative of methcathinone. Sorry… No additional information on this synthetic cathinone is currently available. Synthetic cathinones are marketed as cheap substitutes for other stimulants such as amphetamines and cocaine.
Much is still unknown about how synthetic cathinones affect the human brain. Researchers do know that synthetic cathinones are chemically similar to drugs like amphetamines, cocaine, and MDMA. A study found that 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone MDPV , a common synthetic cathinone, affects the brain in a manner similar to cocaine, but is at least 10 times more powerful.
MDPV is the most common synthetic cathinone found in the blood and urine of patients admitted to emergency departments after taking bath salts. Molly—slang for molecular—refers to drugs that are supposed to be the pure crystal powder form of MDMA. Usually purchased in capsules, Molly has become more popular in the past few years. Some people use Molly to avoid additives such as caffeine, methamphetamine, and other harmful drugs commonly found in MDMA pills sold as Ecstasy.
But those who take what they think is pure Molly may be exposing themselves to the same risks. Law enforcement sources have reported that Molly capsules contain harmful substances including synthetic cathinones.
For example, hundreds of Molly capsules tested in two South Florida crime labs in contained methylone, a dangerous synthetic cathinone. Raised heart rate, blood pressure, and chest pain are some other health effects of synthetic cathinones. People who experience delirium often suffer from dehydration, breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue, and kidney failure. The worst outcomes are associated with snorting or needle injection.
Intoxication from synthetic cathinones has resulted in death. Therefore, the neural effects of cocaine and local vascular and blood flow responses as seen in anesthetized animal preparations could be quite different from those recorded from the active brain of animals and humans.
In contrast to MDPV, cocaine elicits a rapid peripherally triggered sensory signal, evidenced by the immediate post-injection surge in NAc glucose, the faster onset of temperature effects, and the initial, ultra-fast spike in motor activation.
This interoceptive signal i. As such, in the initial stages of recreational experimentation, cocaine users may be much more susceptible to a transition into addiction than MDPV-users. The presumed lack of primary sensory effects could also explain the high association of MDPV use with environmental exteroceptive stimuli.
Finally, similar to other psychomotor stimulants, MDPV has the potential to induce serious health complications, including robust hyperthermia and lethality Ross et al. Although MDPV mimics the basic psychoactive effects of cocaine, it is at least fold stronger and taking MDPV in place of cocaine may result in overdose or unexpectedly strong autonomic and psychoactive effects. Due to vasoconstriction coupled with local anesthetic action and sympathetic activation, cocaine appears to be more dangerous for the cardiovascular system than for the brain, where cocaine is able to induce neural activity-regulated vasodilation, thus increasing cerebral blood flow and delivery of glucose and oxygen to the brain.
In contrast, MDPV may be more hazardous to the brain due to uncompensated cerebral vasoconstriction. In this respect, MDPV resembles METH, which has the potential to induce prolonged cerebral vasoconstriction and relative hypoxia that contributes to acute health complications following drug overdose Polesskaya et al. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Aarde, S. The novel recreational drug 3,4-metylenedioxypyrovalerone MDPV is a potent psychomotor stimulant: self-stimulation and locomotor activity in rats. Neuropharmacology 71, — Binge-like acquisition of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone MDPV self-administration and wheel activity in rats.
Psychopharmacology Berl. Attwell, D. Glial and neuronal control of brain blood flow. Nature , — Baumann, M. Neuropsychopharmacology 38, — Blech-Hermoni, Y. State-dependent action of cocaine on brain temperature and movement activity: implications for movement sensitization. Bonano, J. Brown, P. Brain temperature change and movement activation induced by intravenous cocaine delivered at various injection speeds in rats.
Ceolin, L. Effects of cocaine on blood flow and oxygen metabolism in the rat brain: implications for phMRI. Imaging 25, — Du, C. Differential effects of anesthetics on cocaine's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects in brain.
Fantegrossi, W. Fellows, L. Rapid changes in extracellular glucose levels and blood flow in the striatum of the freely moving rat. Brain Res. Extracellular brain glucose levels reflect local neuronal activity: a microdialysis study in awake, freely moving rats. Froberg, B. Acute methylenedioxypyrovalerone toxicity. Receptive properties of afferent nerve fibres associated with the rat saphenous vein.
Gregg, R. Behavioral pharmacology of designer cathinones: a review of the preclinical literature. Life Sci. Hemby, S. Assessment of the relative contribution of peripheral and central components in cocaine place conditioning. Howell, L. Cortical activation during cocaine use and extinction in rhesus monkeys. Hu, Y. Rapid changes in local extracellular rat brain glucose observed with an in vivo glucose sensor. Iversen, L. Designer psychostimulants: pharmacology and differences.
Neuropharmacology 87, 59— Kalivas, P. Cellular mechanisms of behavioral sensitization to drugs of abuse. Kesha, K. Forensic Sci. Kiyatkin, E. Brain temperature homeostasis: physiological fluctuations and pathological shifts.
Landmark Ed. Neuroscience , — Brain temperature fluctuation: a reflection of functional neural activation. Effects of social interaction and warm ambient temperature on brain hyperthermia induced by the designer drugs methylone and MDPV.
Neuropsychopharmacology 40, — Rapid fluctuations in extracellular brain glucose levels induced by natural arousing stimuli and intravenous cocaine: fueling the brain during neural activation. Rapid EEG desynchronization and EMG activation induced by intravenous cocaine in freely moving rats: a peripheral, nondopamine neural triggering.
Parsing glucose entry into the brain: novel findings obtained with enzyme-based glucose biosensors. ACS Chem. Physiological fluctuations in brain temperature as a factor affecting electrochemical evaluations of extracellular glutamate and glucose in behavioral experiments. Knuepfer, M. Cardiovascular responses to cocaine are initially mediated by the central nervous system in rats. PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. Lee, Y. Painful channels in sensory neurons. Cells 20, — Lowry, J.
Characterization of glucose oxidase-modified poly phenylenediamine -coated electrodes in vitro and in vivo : homogeneous interference by ascorbic acid in hydrogen peroxide detection.
McNay, E. Extracellular glucose concentrations in the rat hippocampus measured by zero-net-flux: effects of microdialysis flow rate, strain, and age. Fluctuations in brain glucose concentration during behavioral testing: dissociations between brain areas and between brain and blood.
Mergenthaler, P. Sugar for the brain: the role of glucose in physiological and pathological brain function. Trends Neurosci. Michaelis, M. Properties of afferent nerve fibres supplying the saphenous vein in the cat.
Pan, Y. Ultrasensitive detection of 3D cerebral microvascular network dynamics in vivo. Neuroimage , — Paxinos, G. Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. Google Scholar. Perles-Barbacaru, T. Quantitative pharmacologic MRI in mice.
NMR Biomed. Polesskaya, O. Methamphetamine causes sustained depression in cerebral blood flow. Post, R. The role of context and conditioning in behavioral sensitization to cocaine.
Ross, E. Schmidt, K. Hemodynamic and metabolic changes induced by cocaine in anesthetized rat observed with multimodal functional MRI. Shriver, D. A pharmacologic comparison of some quaternary derivatives of cocaine. Silver, I.
0コメント